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ASP.NET Core 中的速率限制中间件可以用于限制特定资源在一段时间内允许的请求次数。速率限制可以用于保护服务器资源，防止拒绝服务 (DoS) 攻击。Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting 或 AspNetCoreRateLimit 中间件提供速率限制中间件。 应用可配置速率限制策略，然后将策略附加到终结点。

1、速率限制器算法

在ASP.NET Core 中实现速率限制时，通常会使用特定的算法来决定何时以及如何限制请求。这些算法可以基于不同的标准，如IP地址、客户端ID或用户账号。

Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting 中间件用于限制速率，支持四种扩展方法。

1）固定窗口

AddFixedWindowLimiter 方法使用固定的时间窗口来限制请求。 当时间窗口过期时，会启动一个新的时间窗口，并重置请求限制

2）滑动窗口

与固定窗口限制器类似，但为每个窗口添加了段。 窗口在每个段间隔滑动一段。 段间隔的计算方式是：(窗口时间)/(每个窗口的段数)。

将窗口的请求数限制为 permitLimit 个请求。每个时间窗口划分为一个窗口 n 个段。从倒退一个窗口的过期时间段（当前段之前的 n 个段）获取的请求会添加到当前的段。 我们将倒退一个窗口最近过期时间段称为“过期的段”。

3）令牌桶

令牌桶限制器与滑动窗口限制器类似，但它不会结存从过期段获取的请求数，而是在每个补充期间添加固定数量的令牌。 每个段添加的令牌数不能使可用令牌数超过令牌桶限制。

4）并发

并发限制器会限制并发请求数。 每添加一个请求，在并发限制中减去 1。 一个请求完成时，在限制中增加 1。 其他请求限制器限制的是指定时间段的请求总数，而与它们不同，并发限制器仅限制并发请求数，不对一段时间内的请求数设置上限。

2、Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting

Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting 是微软官方提供的速率限制中间件，Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting 是 ASP.NET Core 中提供的内置速率限制包，它可以帮助控制应用程序中资源的访问频率，防止出现DoS攻击或过度消耗资源。它提供了基本的速率限制功能，适用于简单的场景。

1）AddFixedWindowLimiter 

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
using System.Threading.RateLimiting;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ => _
    .AddFixedWindowLimiter(policyName: "fixed", options =>
    {
        options.PermitLimit = 4;
        options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(12);
        options.QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst;
        options.QueueLimit = 2;
    }));

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseRateLimiter();

static string GetTicks() => (DateTime.Now.Ticks & 0x11111).ToString("00000");

app.MapGet("/", () => Results.Ok($"Hello {GetTicks()}"))
                           .RequireRateLimiting("fixed");

app.Run();

2）AddSlidingWindowLimiter

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
using WebRateLimitAuth.Models;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

var myOptions = new MyRateLimitOptions();
builder.Configuration.GetSection(MyRateLimitOptions.MyRateLimit).Bind(myOptions);
var slidingPolicy = "sliding";

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ => _
    .AddSlidingWindowLimiter(policyName: slidingPolicy, options =>
    {
        options.PermitLimit = myOptions.PermitLimit;
        options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(myOptions.Window);
        options.SegmentsPerWindow = myOptions.SegmentsPerWindow;
        options.QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst;
        options.QueueLimit = myOptions.QueueLimit;
    }));

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseRateLimiter();

static string GetTicks() => (DateTime.Now.Ticks & 0x11111).ToString("00000");

app.MapGet("/", () => Results.Ok($"Sliding Window Limiter {GetTicks()}"))
                           .RequireRateLimiting(slidingPolicy);

app.Run();

3）AddTokenBucketLimiter

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
using WebRateLimitAuth.Models;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

var tokenPolicy = "token";
var myOptions = new MyRateLimitOptions();
builder.Configuration.GetSection(MyRateLimitOptions.MyRateLimit).Bind(myOptions);

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ => _
    .AddTokenBucketLimiter(policyName: tokenPolicy, options =>
    {
        options.TokenLimit = myOptions.TokenLimit;
        options.QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst;
        options.QueueLimit = myOptions.QueueLimit;
        options.ReplenishmentPeriod = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(myOptions.ReplenishmentPeriod);
        options.TokensPerPeriod = myOptions.TokensPerPeriod;
        options.AutoReplenishment = myOptions.AutoReplenishment;
    }));

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseRateLimiter();

static string GetTicks() => (DateTime.Now.Ticks & 0x11111).ToString("00000");

app.MapGet("/", () => Results.Ok($"Token Limiter {GetTicks()}"))
                           .RequireRateLimiting(tokenPolicy);

app.Run();

4）AddConcurrencyLimiter

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
using WebRateLimitAuth.Models;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

var concurrencyPolicy = "Concurrency";
var myOptions = new MyRateLimitOptions();
builder.Configuration.GetSection(MyRateLimitOptions.MyRateLimit).Bind(myOptions);

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ => _
    .AddConcurrencyLimiter(policyName: concurrencyPolicy, options =>
    {
        options.PermitLimit = myOptions.PermitLimit;
        options.QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst;
        options.QueueLimit = myOptions.QueueLimit;
    }));

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseRateLimiter();

static string GetTicks() => (DateTime.Now.Ticks & 0x11111).ToString("00000");

app.MapGet("/", async () =>
{
    await Task.Delay(500);
    return Results.Ok($"Concurrency Limiter {GetTicks()}");
                              
}).RequireRateLimiting(concurrencyPolicy);

app.Run();

5）创建链式限制器

通过 CreateChained API 可传入多个 PartitionedRateLimiter，这些限制器组合成一个 PartitionedRateLimiter。 组合的限制器按顺序运行所有输入限制器。

using System.Globalization;
using System.Threading.RateLimiting;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ =>
{
    _.OnRejected = (context, _) =>
    {
        if (context.Lease.TryGetMetadata(MetadataName.RetryAfter, out var retryAfter))
        {
            context.HttpContext.Response.Headers.RetryAfter =
                ((int) retryAfter.TotalSeconds).ToString(NumberFormatInfo.InvariantInfo);
        }

        context.HttpContext.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status429TooManyRequests;
        context.HttpContext.Response.WriteAsync("Too many requests. Please try again later.");

        return new ValueTask();
    };
    _.GlobalLimiter = PartitionedRateLimiter.CreateChained(
        PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(httpContext =>
        {
            var userAgent = httpContext.Request.Headers.UserAgent.ToString();

            return RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter
            (userAgent, _ =>
                new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
                {
                    AutoReplenishment = true,
                    PermitLimit = 4,
                    Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2)
                });
        }),
        PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, string>(httpContext =>
        {
            var userAgent = httpContext.Request.Headers.UserAgent.ToString();
            
            return RateLimitPartition.GetFixedWindowLimiter
            (userAgent, _ =>
                new FixedWindowRateLimiterOptions
                {
                    AutoReplenishment = true,
                    PermitLimit = 20,    
                    Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30)
                });
        }));
});

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseRateLimiter();

static string GetTicks() => (DateTime.Now.Ticks & 0x11111).ToString("00000");

app.MapGet("/", () => Results.Ok($"Hello {GetTicks()}"));

app.Run();

6）EnableRateLimiting 和 DisableRateLimiting 属性

[EnableRateLimiting] 和 [DisableRateLimiting] 特性可应用于控制器、操作方法或 Razor Page。 对于 Razor Pages，这些特性必须应用于 Razor Page，而不是页面处理程序。例如，[EnableRateLimiting] 不能应用于 OnGet、OnPost 或任何其他页面处理程序。

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
using WebRateLimitAuth.Models;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddRazorPages();
builder.Services.AddControllersWithViews();

builder.Services.Configure<MyRateLimitOptions>(
    builder.Configuration.GetSection(MyRateLimitOptions.MyRateLimit));

var myOptions = new MyRateLimitOptions();
builder.Configuration.GetSection(MyRateLimitOptions.MyRateLimit).Bind(myOptions);
var fixedPolicy = "fixed";

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ => _
    .AddFixedWindowLimiter(policyName: fixedPolicy, options =>
    {
        options.PermitLimit = myOptions.PermitLimit;
        options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(myOptions.Window);
        options.QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst;
        options.QueueLimit = myOptions.QueueLimit;
    }));

var slidingPolicy = "sliding";

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ => _
    .AddSlidingWindowLimiter(policyName: slidingPolicy, options =>
    {
        options.PermitLimit = myOptions.SlidingPermitLimit;
        options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(myOptions.Window);
        options.SegmentsPerWindow = myOptions.SegmentsPerWindow;
        options.QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst;
        options.QueueLimit = myOptions.QueueLimit;
    }));

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseRateLimiter();

if (!app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
{
    app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");
    app.UseHsts();
}

app.UseHttpsRedirection();
app.UseStaticFiles();

app.MapRazorPages();
app.MapDefaultControllerRoute();

app.Run();

标签配置:

[EnableRateLimiting("fixed")]
public class HomeController : Controller
{
    private readonly ILogger<Home2Controller> _logger;

    public Home2Controller(ILogger<Home2Controller> logger)
    {
        _logger = logger;
    }

    public ActionResult Index()
    {
        return View();
    }

    [EnableRateLimiting("sliding")]
    public ActionResult Privacy()
    {
        return View();
    }

    [DisableRateLimiting]
    public ActionResult NoLimit()
    {
        return View();
    }

    [ResponseCache(Duration = 0, Location = ResponseCacheLocation.None, NoStore = true)]
    public IActionResult Error()
    {
        return View(new ErrorViewModel { RequestId = Activity.Current?.Id ?? HttpContext.TraceIdentifier });
    }
}

7）调用 RequireRateLimiting 应用所有控制器了的限制

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.RateLimiting;
using System.Threading.RateLimiting;
using WebRateLimitAuth.Models;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddRazorPages();
builder.Services.AddControllersWithViews();

builder.Services.Configure<MyRateLimitOptions>(
    builder.Configuration.GetSection(MyRateLimitOptions.MyRateLimit));

var myOptions = new MyRateLimitOptions();
builder.Configuration.GetSection(MyRateLimitOptions.MyRateLimit).Bind(myOptions);
var fixedPolicy = "fixed";

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ => _
    .AddFixedWindowLimiter(policyName: fixedPolicy, options =>
    {
        options.PermitLimit = myOptions.PermitLimit;
        options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(myOptions.Window);
        options.QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst;
        options.QueueLimit = myOptions.QueueLimit;
    }));

var slidingPolicy = "sliding";

builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(_ => _
    .AddSlidingWindowLimiter(policyName: slidingPolicy, options =>
    {
        options.PermitLimit = myOptions.SlidingPermitLimit;
        options.Window = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(myOptions.Window);
        options.SegmentsPerWindow = myOptions.SegmentsPerWindow;
        options.QueueProcessingOrder = QueueProcessingOrder.OldestFirst;
        options.QueueLimit = myOptions.QueueLimit;
    }));

var app = builder.Build();
app.UseRateLimiter();

if (!app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
{
    app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");
    app.UseHsts();
}

app.UseHttpsRedirection();
app.UseStaticFiles();

app.MapRazorPages().RequireRateLimiting(slidingPolicy);
app.MapDefaultControllerRoute().RequireRateLimiting(fixedPolicy);

app.Run();

参考文档：https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/performance/rate-limit?view=aspnetcore-8.0

3、AspNetCoreRateLimit

AspNetCoreRateLimit 是一个第三方库，提供了一套丰富的速率限制功能。它支持IP限制和客户端ID限制策略。保护API免受过度使用和潜在的滥用。通过合理配置，可以有效地管理客户端的请求频率，确保服务的稳定性和可用性。可以存储在内存中，也可以配置为使用分布式存储（如Redis）来实现跨多个应用实例的速率限制。

1）安装引用 AspNetCoreRateLimit

在Nuget管理程序中，搜索 "AspNetCoreRateLimit"，然后点击安装。

或者使用Package Manager命令安装 PM> Install-Package Serilog

注意：使用Redis，还需要安装AspNetCoreRateLimit.Redis包。

相关文档：VS(Visual Studio)中Nuget的使用

2）基于客户端IP速率限制

Program.cs：

using AspNetCoreRateLimit;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Add services to the container.
builder.Services.AddOptions();
// needed to store rate limit counters and ip rules
builder.Services.AddMemoryCache();

//load general configuration from appsettings.json
builder.Services.Configure(builder.Configuration.GetSection("IpRateLimiting"));

//load ip rules from appsettings.json
builder.Services.Configure(builder.Configuration.GetSection("IpRateLimitPolicies"));

// inject counter and rules stores
builder.Services.AddInMemoryRateLimiting();
//若使用redis时使用
//services.AddDistributedRateLimiting();
//services.AddDistributedRateLimiting();
//services.AddRedisRateLimiting();
builder.Services.AddRazorPages();

var app = builder.Build();

// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.
if (!app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
{
    app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");
    // The default HSTS value is 30 days. You may want to change this for production scenarios, see https://aka.ms/aspnetcore-hsts.
    app.UseHsts();
}

app.UseHttpsRedirection();
app.UseStaticFiles();

app.UseRouting();

app.UseAuthorization();

//启用客户端IP限制速率
app.UseIpRateLimiting();

app.MapRazorPages();

app.Run();

appsettings.json配置文件：

{
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft": "Warning",
      "Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime": "Information"
    }
  },
  "AllowedHosts": "*",
  "IpRateLimiting": {
    //false，则全局将应用限制，并且仅应用具有作为端点的规则*。例如，如果您设置每秒5次调用的限制，则对任何端点的任何HTTP调用都将计入该限制
    //true， 则限制将应用于每个端点，如{HTTP_Verb}{PATH}。例如，如果您为*:/api/values客户端设置每秒5个呼叫的限制，
    "EnableEndpointRateLimiting": false,
    //false，拒绝的API调用不会添加到调用次数计数器上;如 客户端每秒发出3个请求并且您设置了每秒一个调用的限制，则每分钟或每天计数器等其他限制将仅记录第一个调用，即成功的API调用。如果您希望被拒绝的API调用计入其他时间的显示（分钟，小时等），则必须设置StackBlockedRequests为true。
    "StackBlockedRequests": false,
    //Kestrel 服务器背后是一个反向代理，如果你的代理服务器使用不同的页眉然后提取客户端IP X-Real-IP使用此选项来设置
    "RealIpHeader": "X-Real-IP",
    //取白名单的客户端ID。如果此标头中存在客户端ID并且与ClientWhitelist中指定的值匹配，则不应用速率限制。
    "ClientIdHeader": "X-ClientId",
    //限制状态码
    "HttpStatusCode": 429,
    ////IP白名单:支持Ip v4和v6 
    //"IpWhitelist": [ "127.0.0.1", "::1/10", "192.168.0.0/24" ],
    ////端点白名单:支持各种请求；
    //"EndpointWhitelist": [ "get:/api/license", "*:/api/status" ],
    ////客户端白名单
    //"ClientWhitelist": [ "dev-id-1", "dev-id-2" ],
    //通用规则
    "GeneralRules": [
      {
        //端点路径
        "Endpoint": "*",
        //时间段，格式：{数字}{单位}；可使用单位：s, m, h, d
        "Period": "1s",
        //限制
        "Limit": 1
      },
      //15分钟只能调用100次
      {
        "Endpoint": "*",
        "Period": "15m",
        "Limit": 100
      },
      //12H只能调用1000
      {
        "Endpoint": "*",
        "Period": "12h",
        "Limit": 1000
      },
      //7天只能调用10000次
      {
        "Endpoint": "*",
        "Period": "7d",
        "Limit": 10000
      }
    ]
  },
  "IpRateLimitPolicies": {
    //ip规则
    "IpRules": [
      {
        //IP
        "Ip": "127.0.0.1",
        //规则内容
        "Rules": [
          //1s请求10次
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "1s",
            "Limit": 10
          },
          //15分钟请求200次
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "15m",
            "Limit": 200
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        //ip支持设置多个
        "Ip": "192.168.3.22/25",
        "Rules": [
          //1秒请求5次
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "1s",
            "Limit": 5
          },
          //15分钟请求150次
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "15m",
            "Limit": 150
          },
          //12小时请求500次
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "12h",
            "Limit": 500
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

3）基于客户端ID速率限制

Program.cs：

using AspNetCoreRateLimit;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Add services to the container.
builder.Services.AddOptions();
// needed to store rate limit counters and ip rules
builder.Services.AddMemoryCache();


//load general configuration from appsettings.json
services.Configure(Configuration.GetSection("ClientRateLimiting"));

//load client rules from appsettings.json
services.Configure(Configuration.GetSection("ClientRateLimitPolicies"));

// inject counter and rules stores
services.AddInMemoryRateLimiting();
//若使用redis时使用
//services.AddDistributedRateLimiting();
//services.AddDistributedRateLimiting();
//services.AddRedisRateLimiting();

// Add framework services.
builder.Services.AddRazorPages();

var app = builder.Build();

// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.
if (!app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
{
    app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");
    // The default HSTS value is 30 days. You may want to change this for production scenarios, see https://aka.ms/aspnetcore-hsts.
    app.UseHsts();
}

app.UseHttpsRedirection();
app.UseStaticFiles();

app.UseRouting();

app.UseAuthorization();

//启用客户端ID限制速率
app.UseClientRateLimiting();

app.MapRazorPages();

app.Run();

appsettings.json配置文件：

{
  "Logging": {
    "LogLevel": {
      "Default": "Information",
      "Microsoft": "Warning",
      "Microsoft.Hosting.Lifetime": "Information"
    }
  },
  "AllowedHosts": "*",
  "ClientRateLimitPolicies": {
    "ClientRules": [
      {
        "ClientId": "client-id-1",
        "Rules": [
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "1s",
            "Limit": 10
          },
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "15m",
            "Limit": 200
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "ClientId": "client-id-2",
        "Rules": [
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "1s",
            "Limit": 5
          },
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "15m",
            "Limit": 150
          },
          {
            "Endpoint": "*",
            "Period": "12h",
            "Limit": 500
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }

}

参考文档：

https://github.com/stefanprodan/AspNetCoreRateLimit/wiki/IpRateLimitMiddleware#setup

https://github.com/stefanprodan/AspNetCoreRateLimit/wiki/ClientRateLimitMiddleware#setup

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